Journal: eLife

Article Title: Cortico-striatal action control inherent of opponent cognitive-motivational styles

doi: 10.7554/eLife.100988

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Following initial handling and screening to identify the rat’s phenotype (17 goal trackers [GTs], 8 females; 12 sign-trackers [STs], 6 females; ), rats were infused with either a Cre-dependent inhibitory DREADD or the empty control vector (both expressing mCherry; b ) into the lower layers of the prelimbic cortex, and a retrogradely transported, Cre-expressing plasmid into the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) (expressing eGFP). These rats continued to undergo CTTT performance training, followed either by ( c ) a test of the effects of vehicle or CNO on CTTT performance (the blue syringes symbolizing CNO administration) or by ( d ) implantation of an microelectrode array for the measurement of glutamate concentrations in the DMS and following vehicle or CNO administration. Following recovery from that surgery, the effects of CNO and vehicle on performance and performance-associated glutamate concentrations were assessed. In GTs, administration of CNO significantly reduced the relative number of cued turns ( e ), but not cued stops ( f ; e and f show individual data, mean and 95% CI; post hoc multiple comparisons: ***: p < 0.001, Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference test). CNO had no effects on cued turns or stops in rats expressing an empty control vector (see Results). In GTs, CNO administration attenuated cue-locked maximum peak glutamate concentrations during (residual) cued turns ( g ) and decreased the number of traces with just one glutamate peak during the cue period while increasing the frequency of two peaks during this period ( h ). Following the administration of CNO, residual turns took significantly more time to be initiated in GTs when compared with vehicle-treated GTs and CNO-treated STs ( i ). When followed by failures to turn, or misses, turn cue-locked maximum peak concentrations were not affected in GTs but reduced in STs (significant interaction between the effects of phenotype and CNO; j ). Maximum peak glutamate concentrations locked to reward delivery again were higher in STs than in GTs, and CNO reduced these concentrations in both phenotypes (main effect of CNO, no interaction k ); (multiple comparisons: **, ***: p < 0.01, 0.001).

Article Snippet: Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference test was used to compare, post hoc, the effects of the first and second administration of CNO with the effects of the first and second administration of vehicle (GraphPad Prism).

Techniques: Control, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Microelectrode Array

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Losartan improves the therapeutic effect of metronomic cyclophosphamide in triple negative mammary cancer models

doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.27694

Figure Lengend Snippet: Tumor growth assessment: data for each time-point in mm 3 are mean ± SEM. ( A ) M-234p, N = 6/group; Day 21: Control (600.96 ± 93) vs Cy+Los (20.96 ± 9.01) ( P < 0.05); ( B ) M-406, N = 6–7/group; Day 17: Control (1397.00 ± 328.32) vs Cy (372.00 ± 55.25) ( P < 0.01), vs Los (451.07 ± 143.94) ( P < 0.05), vs Cy+Los (123.43 ± 45.71) ( P < 0.001). Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparison test and Dunn’s post-test. Overall survival (Kaplan-Meier), Median Survival (MS): ( C ) M-234p, N = 5–6/group; Control (MS: 34 days); Cy (MS: 47 days); Los (MS: 32 days); Cy+Los (MS: undefined, Day 32: 60% [3/5] complete tumor regressions). Cy+Los vs Control, vs Los, vs Cy ( P < 0.01); ( D ) M-406, N = 6–7/group); Control (MS: 24 days); Cy (MS: 36.5 days); Los (MS: 33 days); Cy+Los (MS: 47 days). Control vs Cy ( P < 0.01), vs Los ( P < 0.01), vs Cy+Los ( P < 0.001); Cy+Los vs Cy ( P < 0.05), vs Los ( P < 0,001). Log-rank Test.

Article Snippet: Data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison tests, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post-test, and Log-rank tests were used to examine the differences between groups with GraphPad Prism version 3.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA).

Techniques: Control, Comparison

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Losartan improves the therapeutic effect of metronomic cyclophosphamide in triple negative mammary cancer models

doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.27694

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proliferation: Ki67 + cells/field (median, range). ( A ) M-234p Control vs Cy+Los ( P < 0.01); ( B ) M-406 Control vs Cy+Los ( P < 0.05; ( C ) M-234p and ( D ) M-406, representative images of Control and Cy+Los treated tumors, 1000× magnification. Apoptosis: TUNEL + cells/field (median, range). ( E ) M-234p Control vs Cy+Los ( P < 0.05): ( F ) M-406 N. S; Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparison test and Dunn’s post-test; ( G ) M-234p and ( H ) M-406 representative images of Control and Cy+Los treated tumors, 1000× magnification.

Article Snippet: Data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison tests, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post-test, and Log-rank tests were used to examine the differences between groups with GraphPad Prism version 3.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA).

Techniques: Control, TUNEL Assay, Comparison

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Losartan improves the therapeutic effect of metronomic cyclophosphamide in triple negative mammary cancer models

doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.27694

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) representative tumor sections from M-234p and M-406, 400×. In both models the behavior was similar. Control group: ( A ) M-234p and ( C ) M-406: capillaries with small endothelial cells with barely stained nuclei and intercellular gaps (yellow arrow), lack of pericytes or cells with structure and staining compatible with pericytes. Cy+Los group: ( B ) M-234p and ( D ) M-406: intra- and peritumoral capillaries with structure and morphology similar to normal tissues. Endothelial cells with defined nuclei provide a continuous uninterrupted lining (yellow arrow), and well defined basal membrane covered with pericytes (red arrow). M-406 magnified section (1000×): vessel with normal vascular morphology. HIF1α expression: HIF1α + cells/field (median, range). ( E ) Control vs Cy ( P < 0.05), ( F ) Control vs Cy ( P < 0.05), vs Cy+Los ( P < 0.05), ( G ) and H ), representative images of Control and Cy+Los treated tumors, 100× magnification. Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparison test and Dunn’s post-test.

Article Snippet: Data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison tests, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post-test, and Log-rank tests were used to examine the differences between groups with GraphPad Prism version 3.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA).

Techniques: Control, Staining, Membrane, Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Losartan improves the therapeutic effect of metronomic cyclophosphamide in triple negative mammary cancer models

doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.27694

Figure Lengend Snippet: M-234p: ( A ) CD4 cells, N. S. ( B ) CD8 cells, N. S. ( C ) Treg cells, N. S. ( D ) Th17 cells, N. S. M-406: ( E ) CD4 cells, N. S. ( F ) CD8 cells, N. S. ( G ) Treg cells, ( P = 0.064). ( H ) Th17 cells: Control vs Cy+Los, ( P = 0.0580). Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparison test and Dunn’s post-test.

Article Snippet: Data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison tests, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post-test, and Log-rank tests were used to examine the differences between groups with GraphPad Prism version 3.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA).

Techniques: Control, Comparison

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Losartan improves the therapeutic effect of metronomic cyclophosphamide in triple negative mammary cancer models

doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.27694

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lymphocytes/field (median, range). M-234p: ( A ) CD4 + cells, N. S. ( B ) CD8 + cells, N. S. ( C ) Foxp3 + cells: Control vs Los, P < 0.05, vs Cy+Los, ( P < 0.05); ( D – F ) representative images of Control and Cy+Los treated tumors, 100× magnification; M-406: ( G ) CD4 + cells, N. S. ( H ) CD8 + cells, N. S. ( I ) Foxp3 + cells: Control vs Cy+Los, ( P < 0.05); ( J – L ) representative images of Control and Cy+Los treated tumors, 100× magnification. Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparison test and Dunn’s post-test.

Article Snippet: Data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison tests, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post-test, and Log-rank tests were used to examine the differences between groups with GraphPad Prism version 3.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA).

Techniques: Control, Comparison

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Losartan improves the therapeutic effect of metronomic cyclophosphamide in triple negative mammary cancer models

doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.27694

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantification of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes by flow cytometry: M-234p, day 42, Cy vs Cy+Los: ( A ) CD4 cells, N. S. ( B ) CD8 cells, N. S. ( C ) Treg cells, ( P < 0.001). ( D ) Th17 cells, ( P < 0.05). Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparison test and Dunn’s post -test.

Article Snippet: Data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison tests, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post-test, and Log-rank tests were used to examine the differences between groups with GraphPad Prism version 3.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA).

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Comparison

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Losartan improves the therapeutic effect of metronomic cyclophosphamide in triple negative mammary cancer models

doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.27694

Figure Lengend Snippet: αSMA : % of αSMA + area/field (median, range). ( A ) M-234p Control vs Los, ( P < 0.05), vs Cy+Los, ( P < 0.01). ( B ) M-406 Control vs Cy, ( P < 0.01), vs Los ( P < 0.01), vs Cy+Los ( P < 0.001). ( C ) M-234p and ( D ) M-406 representative images of Control and Cy+Los treated tumors, 100× magnification. Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparison test and Dunn’s post-test. Collagen : % of collagen area/field (median, range). ( E ) M-234p Control vs Cy+Los ( P < 0.01). ( F ) M-406 N. S. ( G ) M-234p and ( H ) M-406 representative images of Control and Cy+Los treated tumors, 100× magnification.

Article Snippet: Data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison tests, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post-test, and Log-rank tests were used to examine the differences between groups with GraphPad Prism version 3.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA).

Techniques: Control, Comparison